Apple Developer Connection Student Program/ADC Tools Sampler CD Disk 3 1999.iso/Metrowerks CodeWarrior/Java Support/Java_Source/Java2/src/java/lang/String.java

Java Source | 1999-05-28 | 79.5 KB | 2,095 lines | [TEXT/CWIE]

/*
 * @(#)String.java    1.112 98/09/23
 *
 * Copyright 1994-1998 by Sun Microsystems, Inc.,
 * 901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, California, 94303, U.S.A.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This software is the confidential and proprietary information
 * of Sun Microsystems, Inc. ("Confidential Information").  You
 * shall not disclose such Confidential Information and shall use
 * it only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement
 * you entered into with Sun.
 */

package java.lang;

import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Comparator;
import sun.io.ByteToCharConverter;
import sun.io.CharToByteConverter;
import java.io.CharConversionException;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.io.ObjectStreamClass;
import java.io.ObjectStreamField;
import java.lang.ref.SoftReference;

/**
 * The <code>String</code> class represents character strings. All
 * string literals in Java programs, such as <code>"abc"</code>, are
 * implemented as instances of this class.
 * <p>
 * Strings are constant; their values cannot be changed after they
 * are created. String buffers support mutable strings.
 * Because String objects are immutable they can be shared. For example:
 * <p><blockquote><pre>
 *     String str = "abc";
 * </pre></blockquote><p>
 * is equivalent to:
 * <p><blockquote><pre>
 *     char data[] = {'a', 'b', 'c'};
 *     String str = new String(data);
 * </pre></blockquote><p>
 * Here are some more examples of how strings can be used:
 * <p><blockquote><pre>
 *     System.out.println("abc");
 *     String cde = "cde";
 *     System.out.println("abc" + cde);
 *     String c = "abc".substring(2,3);
 *     String d = cde.substring(1, 2);
 * </pre></blockquote>
 * <p>
 * The class <code>String</code> includes methods for examining
 * individual characters of the sequence, for comparing strings, for
 * searching strings, for extracting substrings, and for creating a
 * copy of a string with all characters translated to uppercase or to
 * lowercase.
 * <p>
 * The Java language provides special support for the string
 * concatentation operator ( + ), and for conversion of
 * other objects to strings. String concatenation is implemented
 * through the <code>StringBuffer</code> class and its
 * <code>append</code> method.
 * String conversions are implemented through the method
 * <code>toString</code>, defined by <code>Object</code> and
 * inherited by all classes in Java. For additional information on
 * string concatenation and conversion, see Gosling, Joy, and Steele,
 * <i>The Java Language Specification</i>.
 *
 * @author  Lee Boynton
 * @author  Arthur van Hoff
 * @version 1.112, 09/23/98
 * @see     java.lang.Object#toString()
 * @see     java.lang.StringBuffer
 * @see     java.lang.StringBuffer#append(boolean)
 * @see     java.lang.StringBuffer#append(char)
 * @see     java.lang.StringBuffer#append(char[])
 * @see     java.lang.StringBuffer#append(char[], int, int)
 * @see     java.lang.StringBuffer#append(double)
 * @see     java.lang.StringBuffer#append(float)
 * @see     java.lang.StringBuffer#append(int)
 * @see     java.lang.StringBuffer#append(long)
 * @see     java.lang.StringBuffer#append(java.lang.Object)
 * @see     java.lang.StringBuffer#append(java.lang.String)
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
public final
class String implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable {
    /** The value is used for character storage. */
    private char value[];

    /** The offset is the first index of the storage that is used. */
    private int offset;

    /** The count is the number of characters in the String. */
    private int count;

    /** The cached converter for each thread.
     *  Note: These are declared null to minimize the classes
     *  that String must depend on during initialization
     */
    private static ThreadLocal btcConverter = null;
    private static ThreadLocal ctbConverter = null;

    /**
     * Returns a <code>ByteToCharConverter</code> that uses the specified
     * encoding. For efficiency a cache is maintained that holds the last
     * used converter.
     *
     * @param  enc The name of a character encoding
     * @return     ByteToCharConverter for the specified encoding.
     * @exception  UnsupportedEncodingException
     *             If the named encoding is not supported
     * @since      JDK1.2
     */
    private static ByteToCharConverter getBTCConverter(String encoding)
                                  throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        ByteToCharConverter btc = null;
        if (btcConverter == null)
            btcConverter = new ThreadLocal();
        SoftReference ref = (SoftReference)(btcConverter.get());
        if (ref==null || (btc = (ByteToCharConverter)ref.get())==null ||
                          !encoding.equals(btc.getCharacterEncoding())) {
            btc = ByteToCharConverter.getConverter(encoding);
            btcConverter.set(new SoftReference(btc));
        } else {
            btc.reset();
        }
        return btc;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a <code>CharToByteConverter</code> that uses the specified
     * encoding. For efficiency a cache is maintained that holds the last
     * used converter.
     *
     * @param  enc The name of a character encoding
     * @return     CharToByteConverter for the specified encoding.
     * @exception  UnsupportedEncodingException
     *             If the named encoding is not supported
     * @since      JDK1.2
     */
    private static CharToByteConverter getCTBConverter(String encoding)
                                  throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        CharToByteConverter ctb = null;
        if (ctbConverter == null)
            ctbConverter = new ThreadLocal();
        SoftReference ref = (SoftReference)(ctbConverter.get());
        if (ref==null || (ctb = (CharToByteConverter)ref.get())==null ||
                          !encoding.equals(ctb.getCharacterEncoding())) {
            ctb = CharToByteConverter.getConverter(encoding);
            ctbConverter.set(new SoftReference(ctb));
        } else {
            ctb.reset();
        }
        return ctb;
    }

    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -6849794470754667710L;

    /**
     * Class String is special cased within the Serialization Stream Protocol.
     *
     * A String instance is written intially into an ObjectOutputStream in the
     * following format:
     * <pre>
     *      <code>TC_STRING</code> (utf String)
     * </pre>
     * The String is written by method <code>DataOutput.writeUTF</code>.
     * A new handle is generated to  refer to all future references to the
     * string instance within the stream.
     */
    private static final ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields =
    ObjectStreamClass.NO_FIELDS;

    /**
     * Initializes a newly created <code>String</code> object so that it
     * represents an empty character sequence.
     */
    public String() {
    value = new char[0];
    }

    /**
     * Initializes a newly created <code>String</code> object so that it
     * represents the same sequence of characters as the argument; in other
     * words, the newly created string is a copy of the argument string.
     *
     * @param   value   a <code>String</code>.
     */
    public String(String value) {
    count = value.length();
    this.value = new char[count];
    value.getChars(0, count, this.value, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Allocates a new <code>String</code> so that it represents the
     * sequence of characters currently contained in the character array
     * argument. The contents of the character array are copied; subsequent
     * modification of the character array does not affect the newly created
     * string.
     *
     * @param  value   the initial value of the string.
     * @throws NullPointerException if <code>value</code> is <code>null</code>.
     */
    public String(char value[]) {
    this.count = value.length;
    this.value = new char[count];
    System.arraycopy(value, 0, this.value, 0, count);
    }

    /**
     * Allocates a new <code>String</code> that contains characters from
     * a subarray of the character array argument. The <code>offset</code>
     * argument is the index of the first character of the subarray and
     * the <code>count</code> argument specifies the length of the
     * subarray. The contents of the subarray are copied; subsequent
     * modification of the character array does not affect the newly
     * created string.
     *
     * @param      value    array that is the source of characters.
     * @param      offset   the initial offset.
     * @param      count    the length.
     * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the <code>offset</code>
     *               and <code>count</code> arguments index characters outside
     *               the bounds of the <code>value</code> array.
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>value</code> is
     *               <code>null</code>.
     */
    public String(char value[], int offset, int count) {
    if (offset < 0) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
    }
    if (count < 0) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(count);
    }
    // Note: offset or count might be near -1>>>1.
    if (offset > value.length - count) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + count);
    }

    this.value = new char[count];
    this.count = count;
    System.arraycopy(value, offset, this.value, 0, count);
    }

    /**
     * Allocates a new <code>String</code> constructed from a subarray
     * of an array of 8-bit integer values.
     * <p>
     * The <code>offset</code> argument is the index of the first byte
     * of the subarray, and the <code>count</code> argument specifies the
     * length of the subarray.
     * <p>
     * Each <code>byte</code> in the subarray is converted to a
     * <code>char</code> as specified in the method above.
     *
     * @deprecated This method does not properly convert bytes into characters.
     * As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the
     * <code>String</code> constructors that take a character-encoding name or
     * that use the platform's default encoding.
     *
     * @param      ascii     the bytes to be converted to characters.
     * @param      hibyte    the top 8 bits of each 16-bit Unicode character.
     * @param      offset    the initial offset.
     * @param      count     the length.
     * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the <code>offset</code>
     *               or <code>count</code> argument is invalid.
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>ascii</code> is
     *                       <code>null</code>.
     * @see        java.lang.String#String(byte[], int)
     * @see        java.lang.String#String(byte[], int, int, java.lang.String)
     * @see        java.lang.String#String(byte[], int, int)
     * @see        java.lang.String#String(byte[], java.lang.String)
     * @see        java.lang.String#String(byte[])
     */
    public String(byte ascii[], int hibyte, int offset, int count) {
    if (offset < 0) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
    }
    if (count < 0) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(count);
    }
    // Note: offset or count might be near -1>>>1.
    if (offset > ascii.length - count) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + count);
    }

    char value[] = new char[count];
    this.count = count;
    this.value = value;

    if (hibyte == 0) {
        for (int i = count ; i-- > 0 ;) {
        value[i] = (char) (ascii[i + offset] & 0xff);
        }
    } else {
        hibyte <<= 8;
        for (int i = count ; i-- > 0 ;) {
        value[i] = (char) (hibyte | (ascii[i + offset] & 0xff));
        }
    }
    }

    /**
     * Allocates a new <code>String</code> containing characters
     * constructed from an array of 8-bit integer values. Each character
     * <i>c</i>in the resulting string is constructed from the
     * corresponding component <i>b</i> in the byte array such that:
     * <p><blockquote><pre>
     *     <b><i>c</i></b> == (char)(((hibyte & 0xff) << 8)
     *                         | (<b><i>b</i></b> & 0xff))
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @deprecated This method does not properly convert bytes into characters.
     * As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the
     * <code>String</code> constructors that take a character-encoding name or
     * that use the platform's default encoding.
     *
     * @param      ascii    the bytes to be converted to characters.
     * @param      hibyte   the top 8 bits of each 16-bit Unicode character.
     * @exception NullPointerException If <code>ascii</code> is
     *                      <code>null</code>.
     * @see        java.lang.String#String(byte[], int, int, java.lang.String)
     * @see        java.lang.String#String(byte[], int, int)
     * @see        java.lang.String#String(byte[], java.lang.String)
     * @see        java.lang.String#String(byte[])
     */
    public String(byte ascii[], int hibyte) {
    this(ascii, hibyte, 0, ascii.length);
    }

   /**
     * Construct a new <code>String</code> by converting the specified
     * subarray of bytes using the specified character-encoding converter.  The
     * length of the new <code>String</code> is a function of the encoding, and
     * hence may not be equal to the length of the subarray.
     *
     * @param  bytes   The bytes to be converted into characters
     * @param  offset  Index of the first byte to convert
     * @param  length  Number of bytes to convert
     * @param  btc     A ByteToCharConverter
     * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the <code>offset</code>
     *               and <code>count</code> arguments index characters outside
     *               the bounds of the <code>value</code> array.
     */
    private String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length,
           ByteToCharConverter btc)
    {
        if (length < 0)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("length must be >= 0");
        if (offset < 0)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("offset must be >= 0");
        if (offset > bytes.length-length)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + count);

    int estCount = btc.getMaxCharsPerByte() * length;
    value = new char[estCount];

        try {
        count = btc.convert(bytes, offset, offset+length,
                value, 0, estCount);
        count += btc.flush(value, btc.nextCharIndex(), estCount);
    } catch (CharConversionException x) {
        count = btc.nextCharIndex();
    }

    if (count < estCount) {
        // A multi-byte format was used:  Trim the char array.
        char[] trimValue = new char[count];
        System.arraycopy(value, 0, trimValue, 0, count);
        value = trimValue;
    }
    }


    /**
     * Construct a new <code>String</code> by converting the specified
     * subarray of bytes using the specified character encoding.  The length of
     * the new <code>String</code> is a function of the encoding, and hence may
     * not be equal to the length of the subarray.
     *
     * @param  bytes   The bytes to be converted into characters
     * @param  offset  Index of the first byte to convert
     * @param  length  Number of bytes to convert
     * @param  enc     The name of a character encoding
     *
     * @exception  UnsupportedEncodingException
     *             If the named encoding is not supported
     *             IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the <code>offset</code>
     *               and <code>count</code> arguments index characters outside
     *               the bounds of the <code>value</code> array.
     * @since      JDK1.1
     */
    public String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length, String enc)
    throws UnsupportedEncodingException
    {
    this(bytes, offset, length, getBTCConverter(enc));
    }

    /**
     * Construct a new <code>String</code> by converting the specified array
     * of bytes using the specified character encoding.  The length of the new
     * <code>String</code> is a function of the encoding, and hence may not be
     * equal to the length of the byte array.
     *
     * @param  bytes   The bytes to be converted into characters
     * @param  enc     A character-encoding name
     *
     * @exception  UnsupportedEncodingException
     *             If the named encoding is not supported
     * @since      JDK1.1
     */
    public String(byte bytes[], String enc)
    throws UnsupportedEncodingException
    {
    this(bytes, 0, bytes.length, enc);
    }

    /**
     * Construct a new <code>String</code> by converting the specified
     * subarray of bytes using the platform's default character encoding.  The
     * length of the new <code>String</code> is a function of the encoding, and
     * hence may not be equal to the length of the subarray.
     *
     * @param  bytes   The bytes to be converted into characters
     * @param  offset  Index of the first byte to convert
     * @param  length  Number of bytes to convert
     * @since  JDK1.1
     */
    public String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length) {
    this(bytes, offset, length, ByteToCharConverter.getDefault());
    }

    /**
     * Construct a new <code>String</code> by converting the specified array
     * of bytes using the platform's default character encoding.  The length of
     * the new <code>String</code> is a function of the encoding, and hence may
     * not be equal to the length of the byte array.
     *
     * @param  bytes   The bytes to be converted into characters
     * @since  JDK1.1
     */
    public String(byte bytes[]) {
    this(bytes, 0, bytes.length, ByteToCharConverter.getDefault());
    }

    /**
     * Allocates a new string that contains the sequence of characters
     * currently contained in the string buffer argument. The contents of
     * the string buffer are copied; subsequent modification of the string
     * buffer does not affect the newly created string.
     *
     * @param   buffer   a <code>StringBuffer</code>.
     * @throws NullPointerException If <code>buffer</code> is
     * <code>null</code>.
     */
    public String (StringBuffer buffer) {
    synchronized(buffer) {
        buffer.setShared();
        this.value = buffer.getValue();
        this.offset = 0;
        this.count = buffer.length();
    }
    }

    // Private constructor which shares value array for speed.
    private String(int offset, int count, char value[]) {
    this.value = value;
    this.offset = offset;
    this.count = count;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length of this string.
     * The length is equal to the number of 16-bit
     * Unicode characters in the string.
     *
     * @return  the length of the sequence of characters represented by this
     *          object.
     */
    public int length() {
    return count;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the character at the specified index. An index ranges
     * from <code>0</code> to <code>length() - 1</code>. The first character
     * of the sequence is at index <code>0</code>, the next at index
     * <code>1</code>, and so on, as for array indexing.
     *
     * @param      index   the index of the character.
     * @return     the character at the specified index of this string.
     *             The first character is at index <code>0</code>.
     * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the <code>index</code>
     *             argument is negative or not less than the length of this
     *             string.
     */
    public char charAt(int index) {
    if ((index < 0) || (index >= count)) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
    }
    return value[index + offset];
    }

    /**
     * Copies characters from this string into the destination character
     * array.
     * <p>
     * The first character to be copied is at index <code>srcBegin</code>;
     * the last character to be copied is at index <code>srcEnd-1</code>
     * (thus the total number of characters to be copied is
     * <code>srcEnd-srcBegin</code>). The characters are copied into the
     * subarray of <code>dst</code> starting at index <code>dstBegin</code>
     * and ending at index:
     * <p><blockquote><pre>
     *     dstbegin + (srcEnd-srcBegin) - 1
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @param      srcBegin   index of the first character in the string
     *                        to copy.
     * @param      srcEnd     index after the last character in the string
     *                        to copy.
     * @param      dst        the destination array.
     * @param      dstBegin   the start offset in the destination array.
     * @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException If any of the following
     *            is true:
     *            <ul><li><code>srcBegin</code> is negative.
     *            <li><code>srcBegin</code> is greater than <code>srcEnd</code>
     *            <li><code>srcEnd</code> is greater than the length of this
     *                string
     *            <li><code>dstBegin</code> is negative
     *            <li><code>dstBegin+(srcEnd-srcBegin)</code> is larger than
     *                <code>dst.length</code></ul>
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>dst</code> is <code>null</code>
     */
    public void getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char dst[], int dstBegin) {
    if (srcBegin < 0) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcBegin);
    }
    if (srcEnd > count) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd);
    }
    if (srcBegin > srcEnd) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd - srcBegin);
    }
    System.arraycopy(value, offset + srcBegin, dst, dstBegin,
             srcEnd - srcBegin);
    }

    /**
     * Copies characters from this string into the destination byte
     * array. Each byte receives the 8 low-order bits of the
     * corresponding character. The eight high-order bits of each character
     * are not copied and do not participate in the transfer in any way.
     * <p>
     * The first character to be copied is at index <code>srcBegin</code>;
     * the last character to be copied is at index <code>srcEnd-1</code>.
     * The total number of characters to be copied is
     * <code>srcEnd-srcBegin</code>. The characters, converted to bytes,
     * are copied into the subarray of <code>dst</code> starting at index
     * <code>dstBegin</code> and ending at index:
     * <p><blockquote><pre>
     *     dstbegin + (srcEnd-srcBegin) - 1
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @deprecated This method does not properly convert characters into bytes.
     * As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the
     * <code>getBytes(String enc)</code> method, which takes a
     * character-encoding name, or the <code>getBytes()</code> method, which
     * uses the platform's default encoding.
     *
     * @param      srcBegin   index of the first character in the string
     *                        to copy.
     * @param      srcEnd     index after the last character in the string
     *                        to copy.
     * @param      dst        the destination array.
     * @param      dstBegin   the start offset in the destination array.
     * @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if any of the following
     *            is true:
     *           <ul<li><code>srcBegin</code> is negative
     *           <li><code>srcBegin</code> is greater than <code>srcEnd</code>
     *           <li><code>srcEnd</code> is greater than the length of this
     *            String
     *           <li><code>dstBegin</code> is negative
     *           <li><code>dstBegin+(srcEnd-srcBegin)</code> is larger than
     *            <code>dst.length</code>
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>dst</code> is <code>null</code>
     */
    public void getBytes(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, byte dst[], int dstBegin) {
    if (srcBegin < 0) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcBegin);
    }
    if (srcEnd > count) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd);
    }
    if (srcBegin > srcEnd) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd - srcBegin);
    }
     int j = dstBegin;
     int n = offset + srcEnd;
     int i = offset + srcBegin;
    char[] val = value;   /* avoid getfield opcode */

     while (i < n) {
         dst[j++] = (byte)val[i++];
     }
    }

    /**
     * Apply the specified character-encoding converter to this String,
     * storing the resulting bytes into a new byte array.
     *
     * @param  ctb  A CharToByteConverter
     * @return      The resultant byte array
     */
    private byte[] getBytes(CharToByteConverter ctb) {
    ctb.reset();
    int estLength = ctb.getMaxBytesPerChar() * count;
    byte[] result = new byte[estLength];
    int length = 0;
    try {
        length += ctb.convertAny(value, offset, (offset + count),
                     result, 0, estLength);
        length += ctb.flushAny(result, ctb.nextByteIndex(), estLength);
    } catch (CharConversionException e) {
        throw new InternalError("Converter malfunction: " +
                    ctb.getClass().getName());
    }


    if (length < estLength) {
        // A short format was used:  Trim the byte array.
        byte[] trimResult = new byte[length];
        System.arraycopy(result, 0, trimResult, 0, length);
        return trimResult;
    }
    else {
        return result;
    }
    }

    /**
     * Convert this <code>String</code> into bytes according to the specified
     * character encoding, storing the result into a new byte array.
     *
     * @param  enc  A character-encoding name
     * @return      The resultant byte array
     *
     * @exception  UnsupportedEncodingException
     *             If the named encoding is not supported
     * @since      JDK1.1
     */
    public byte[] getBytes(String enc)
    throws UnsupportedEncodingException
    {
    return getBytes(getCTBConverter(enc));
    }

    /**
     * Convert this <code>String</code> into bytes according to the platform's
     * default character encoding, storing the result into a new byte array.
     *
     * @return  the resultant byte array.
     * @since   JDK1.1
     */
    public byte[] getBytes() {
    return getBytes(CharToByteConverter.getDefault());
    }

    /**
     * Compares this string to the specified object.
     * The result is <code>true</code> if and only if the argument is not
     * <code>null</code> and is a <code>String</code> object that represents
     * the same sequence of characters as this object.
     *
     * @param   anObject   the object to compare this <code>String</code>
     *                     against.
     * @return  <code>true</code> if the <code>String </code>are equal;
     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @see     java.lang.String#compareTo(java.lang.String)
     * @see     java.lang.String#equalsIgnoreCase(java.lang.String)
     */
    public boolean equals(Object anObject) {
    if (this == anObject) {
        return true;
    }
    if ((anObject != null) && (anObject instanceof String)) {
        String anotherString = (String)anObject;
        int n = count;
        if (n == anotherString.count) {
        char v1[] = value;
        char v2[] = anotherString.value;
        int i = offset;
        int j = anotherString.offset;
        while (n-- != 0) {
            if (v1[i++] != v2[j++]) {
            return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
    }

    /**
     * Compares this <code>String</code> to another <code>String</code>,
     * ignoring case considerations.  Two strings are considered equal
     * ignoring case if they are of the same length, and corresponding
     * characters in the two strings are equal ignoring case.
     * <p>
     * Two characters <code>c1</code> and <code>c2</code> are considered
     * the same, ignoring case if at least one of the following is true:
     * <ul><li>The two characters are the same (as compared by the
     * <code>==</code> operator).
     * <li>Applying the method {@link java.lang.Character#toUppercase(char)}
     * to each character produces the same result.
     * <li>Applying the method {@link java.lang.Character#toLowercase(char)
     * to each character produces the same result.</ul>
     *
     * @param   anotherString   the <code>String</code> to compare this
     *                          <code>String</code> against.
     * @return  <code>true</code> if the argument is not <code>null</code>
     *          and the <code>String</code>s are equal,
     *          ignoring case; <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @see     #equals(Object)
     * @see     java.lang.Character#toLowerCase(char)
     * @see java.lang.Character#toUpperCase(char)
     */
    public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String anotherString) {
    return (anotherString != null) && (anotherString.count == count) &&
        regionMatches(true, 0, anotherString, 0, count);
    }

    /**
     * Compares two strings lexicographically.
     * The comparison is based on the Unicode value of each character in
     * the strings. The character sequence represented by this
     * <code>String</code> object is compared lexicographically to the
     * character sequence represented by the argument string. The result is
     * a negative integer if this <code>String</code> object
     * lexicographically precedes the argument string. The result is a
     * positive integer if this <code>String</code> object lexicographically
     * follows the argument string. The result is zero if the strings
     * are equal; <code>compareTo</code> returns <code>0</code> exactly when
     * the {@link #equals(Object)} method would return <code>true</code>.
     * <p>
     * This is the definition of lexicographic ordering. If two strings are
     * different, then either they have different characters at some index
     * that is a valid index for both strings, or their lengths are different,
     * or both. If they have different characters at one or more index
     * positions, let <i>k</i> be the smallest such index; then the string
     * whose character at position <i>k</i> has the smaller value, as
     * determined by using the < operator, lexicographically precedes the
     * other string. In this case, <code>compareTo</code> returns the
     * difference of the two character values at position <code>k</code> in
     * the two string -- that is, the value:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * this.charAt(k)-anotherString.charAt(k)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * If there is no index position at which they differ, then the shorter
     * string lexicographically precedes the longer string. In this case,
     * <code>compareTo</code> returns the difference of the lengths of the
     * strings -- that is, the value:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * this.length()-anotherString.length()
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @param   anotherString   the <code>String</code> to be compared.
     * @return  the value <code>0</code> if the argument string is equal to
     *          this string; a value less than <code>0</code> if this string
     *          is lexicographically less than the string argument; and a
     *          value greater than <code>0</code> if this string is
     *          lexicographically greater than the string argument.
     * @exception java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>anotherString</code>
     *          is <code>null</code>.
     */
    public int compareTo(String anotherString) {
    int len1 = count;
    int len2 = anotherString.count;
    int n = Math.min(len1, len2);
    char v1[] = value;
    char v2[] = anotherString.value;
    int i = offset;
    int j = anotherString.offset;

    while (n-- != 0) {
        char c1 = v1[i++];
        char c2 = v2[j++];
        if (c1 != c2) {
        return c1 - c2;
        }
    }
    return len1 - len2;
    }

    /**
     * Compares this String to another Object.  If the Object is a String,
     * this function behaves like <code>compareTo(String)</code>.  Otherwise,
     * it throws a <code>ClassCastException</code> (as Strings are comparable
     * only to other Strings).
     *
     * @param   o the <code>Object</code> to be compared.
     * @return  the value <code>0</code> if the argument is a string
     *        lexicographically equal to this string; a value less than
     *        <code>0</code> if the argument is a string lexicographically
     *        greater than this string; and a value greater than
     *        <code>0</code> if the argument is a string lexicographically
     *        less than this string.
     * @exception <code>ClassCastException</code> if the argument is not a
     *          <code>String</code>.
     * @see     java.lang.Comparable
     * @since   JDK1.2
     */
    public int compareTo(Object o) {
    return compareTo((String)o);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a Comparator that orders <code>String</code> objects as by
     * <code>compareToIgnoreCase</code>.
     * <p>
     * Note that this Comparator does <em>not</em> take locale into account,
     * and will result in an unsatisfactory ordering for certain locales.
     * The java.text package provides <em>Collators</em> to allow
     * locale-sensitive ordering.
     *
     * @return  Comparator for case insensitive comparison of strings
     * @see     java.text.Collator#compare(String, String)
     * @since   JDK1.2
     */
    public static final Comparator CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER = new Comparator() {
        public int compare(Object o1, Object o2) {
            String s1 = (String) o1;
            String s2 = (String) o2;
            int n1=s1.length(), n2=s2.length();
            for (int i1=0, i2=0; i1<n1 && i2<n2; i1++, i2++) {
                char c1 = s1.charAt(i1);
                char c2 = s2.charAt(i2);
                if (c1 != c2) {
                    c1 = Character.toUpperCase(c1);
                    c2 = Character.toUpperCase(c2);
                    if (c1 != c2) {
                        c1 = Character.toLowerCase(c1);
                        c2 = Character.toLowerCase(c2);
                        if (c1 != c2)
                            return c1 - c2;
                    }
                }
            }
            return n1 - n2;
        }
    };

    /**
     * Compares two strings lexicographically, ignoring case considerations.
     * This method returns an integer whose sign is that of
     * <code>this.toUpperCase().toLowerCase().compareTo(
     * str.toUpperCase().toLowerCase())</code>.
     * <p>
     * Note that this method does <em>not</em> take locale into account,
     * and will result in an unsatisfactory ordering for certain locales.
     * The java.text package provides <em>collators</em> to allow
     * locale-sensitive ordering.
     *
     * @param   str   the <code>String</code> to be compared.
     * @return  a negative integer, zero, or a positive integer as the
     *        the specified String is greater than, equal to, or less
     *        than this String, ignoring case considerations.
     * @see     java.text.Collator#compare(String, String)
     * @since   JDK1.2
     */
    public int compareToIgnoreCase(String str) {
        return CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER.compare(this, str);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if two string regions are equal.
     * <p>
     * A substring of this <tt>String</tt> object is compared to a substring
     * of the argument other. The result is true if these substrings
     * represent identical character sequences. The substring of this
     * <tt>String</tt> object to be compared begins at index <tt>toffset</tt>
     * and has length <tt>len</tt>. The substring of other to be compared
     * begins at index <tt>ooffset</tt> and has length <tt>len</tt>. The
     * result is <tt>false</tt> if and only if at least one of the following
     * is true:
     * <ul><li><tt>toffset</tt> is negative.
     * <li><tt>ooffset</tt> is negative.
     * <li><tt>toffset+len</tt> is greater than the length of this
     * <tt>String</tt> object.
     * <li><tt>ooffset+len</tt> is greater than the length of the other
     * argument.
     * <li>There is some nonnegative integer <i>k</i> less than <tt>len</tt>
     * such that:
     * <tt>this.charAt(toffset+<i>k</i>) != other.charAt(ooffset+<i>k</i>)</tt>
     * </u>
     *
     * @param   toffset   the starting offset of the subregion in this string.
     * @param   other     the string argument.
     * @param   ooffset   the starting offset of the subregion in the string
     *                    argument.
     * @param   len       the number of characters to compare.
     * @return  <code>true</code> if the specified subregion of this string
     *          exactly matches the specified subregion of the string argument;
     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @exception java.lang.NullPointerException if <tt>other</tt> is
     *          <tt>null</tt>.
     */
    public boolean regionMatches(int toffset, String other, int ooffset,
                 int len) {
    char ta[] = value;
    int to = offset + toffset;
    int tlim = offset + count;
    char pa[] = other.value;
    int po = other.offset + ooffset;
    // Note: toffset, ooffset, or len might be near -1>>>1.
    if ((ooffset < 0) || (toffset < 0) || (toffset > (long)count - len)
        || (ooffset > (long)other.count - len)) {
        return false;
    }
    while (len-- > 0) {
        if (ta[to++] != pa[po++]) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if two string regions are equal.
     * <p>
     * A substring of this <tt>String</tt> object is compared to a substring
     * of the argument <tt>other</tt>. The result is <tt>true</tt> if these
     * substrings represent character sequences that are the same, ignoring
     * case if and only if <tt>ignoreCase</tt> is true. The substring of
     * this <tt>String</tt> object to be compared begins at index
     * <tt>toffset</tt> and has length <tt>len</tt>. The substring of
     * <tt>other</tt> to be compared begins at index <tt>ooffset</tt> and
     * has length <tt>len</tt>. The result is <tt>false</tt> if and only if
     * at least one of the following is true:
     * <ul><li><tt>toffset</tt> is negative.
     * <li><tt>ooffset</tt> is negative.
     * <li><tt>toffset+len</tt> is greater than the length of this
     * <tt>String</tt> object.
     * <li><tt>ooffset+len</tt> is greater than the length of the other
     * argument.
     * <li>There is some nonnegative integer <i>k</i> less than <tt>len</tt>
     * such that:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * this.charAt(toffset+k) != other.charAt(ooffset+k)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * <li><tt>ignoreCase</tt> is <tt>true</tt> and there is some nonnegative
     * integer <i>k</i> less than <tt>len</tt> such that:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * Character.toLowerCase(this.charAt(toffset+k)) !=
               Character.toLowerCase(other.charAt(ooffset+k))
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * and:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * Character.toUpperCase(this.charAt(toffset+k)) !=
     *         Character.toUpperCase(other.charAt(ooffset+k))
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param   ignoreCase   if <code>true</code>, ignore case when comparing
     *                       characters.
     * @param   toffset      the starting offset of the subregion in this
     *                       string.
     * @param   other        the string argument.
     * @param   ooffset      the starting offset of the subregion in the string
     *                       argument.
     * @param   len          the number of characters to compare.
     * @return  <code>true</code> if the specified subregion of this string
     *          matches the specified subregion of the string argument;
     *          <code>false</code> otherwise. Whether the matching is exact
     *          or case insensitive depends on the <code>ignoreCase</code>
     *          argument.
     */
    public boolean regionMatches(boolean ignoreCase,
                         int toffset,
                           String other, int ooffset, int len) {
    char ta[] = value;
    int to = offset + toffset;
    int tlim = offset + count;
    char pa[] = other.value;
    int po = other.offset + ooffset;
    // Note: toffset, ooffset, or len might be near -1>>>1.
    if ((ooffset < 0) || (toffset < 0) || (toffset > (long)count - len) ||
            (ooffset > (long)other.count - len)) {
        return false;
    }
    while (len-- > 0) {
        char c1 = ta[to++];
        char c2 = pa[po++];
        if (c1 == c2)
        continue;
        if (ignoreCase) {
        // If characters don't match but case may be ignored,
        // try converting both characters to uppercase.
        // If the results match, then the comparison scan should
        // continue.
        char u1 = Character.toUpperCase(c1);
        char u2 = Character.toUpperCase(c2);
        if (u1 == u2)
            continue;
        // Unfortunately, conversion to uppercase does not work properly
        // for the Georgian alphabet, which has strange rules about case
        // conversion.  So we need to make one last check before
        // exiting.
        if (Character.toLowerCase(u1) == Character.toLowerCase(u2))
            continue;
        }
        return false;
    }
    return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix beginning
     * a specified index.
     *
     * @param   prefix    the prefix.
     * @param   toffset   where to begin looking in the string.
     * @return  <code>true</code> if the character sequence represented by the
     *          argument is a prefix of the substring of this object starting
     *          at index <code>toffset</code>; <code>false</code> otherwise.
     *          The result is <code>false</code> if <code>toffset</code> is
     *          negative or greater than the length of this
     *          <code>String</code> object; otherwise the result is the same
     *          as the result of the expression
     *          <pre>
     *          this.subString(toffset).startsWith(prefix)
     *          </pre>
     * @exception java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>prefix</code> is
     *          <code>null</code>.
     */
    public boolean startsWith(String prefix, int toffset) {
    char ta[] = value;
    int to = offset + toffset;
    int tlim = offset + count;
    char pa[] = prefix.value;
    int po = prefix.offset;
    int pc = prefix.count;
    // Note: toffset might be near -1>>>1.
    if ((toffset < 0) || (toffset > count - pc)) {
        return false;
    }
    while (--pc >= 0) {
        if (ta[to++] != pa[po++]) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix.
     *
     * @param   prefix   the prefix.
     * @return  <code>true</code> if the character sequence represented by the
     *          argument is a prefix of the character sequence represented by
     *          this string; <code>false</code> otherwise.
     *          Note also that <code>true</code> will be returned if the
     *          argument is an empty string or is equal to this
     *          <code>String</code> object as determined by the
     *          {@link #equals(Object)} method.
     * @exception java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>prefix</code> is
     *          <code>null</code>.
     * @since   JDK1. 0
     */
    public boolean startsWith(String prefix) {
    return startsWith(prefix, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if this string ends with the specified suffix.
     *
     * @param   suffix   the suffix.
     * @return  <code>true</code> if the character sequence represented by the
     *          argument is a suffix of the character sequence represented by
     *          this object; <code>false</code> otherwise. Note that the
     *          result will be <code>true</code> if the argument is the
     *          empty string or is equal to this <code>String</code> object
     *          as determined by the {@link #equals(Object)} method.
     * @exception java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>suffix</code> is
     *          <code>null</code>.
     */
    public boolean endsWith(String suffix) {
    return startsWith(suffix, count - suffix.count);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a hashcode for this string. The hashcode for a
     * <code>String</code> object is computed as
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * s[0]*31^(n-1) + s[1]*31^(n-2) + ... + s[n-1]
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * using <code>int</code> arithmetic, where <code>s[i]</code> is the
     * <i>i</i>th character of the string, <code>n</code> is the length of
     * the string, and <code>^</code> indicates exponentiation.
     * (The hash value of the empty string is zero.)
     *
     * @return  a hash code value for this object.
     */
    public int hashCode() {
    int h = 0;
    int off = offset;
    char val[] = value;
    int len = count;

    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
        h = 31*h + val[off++];

    return h;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
     * specified character. If a character with value <code>ch</code> occurs
     * in the character sequence represented by this <code>String</code>
     * object, then the index of the first such occurrence is returned --
     * that is, the smallest value <i>k</i> such that:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * this.charAt(<i>k</i>) == ch
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * is <code>true</code>. If no such character occurs in this string,
     * then <code>-1</code> is returned.
     *
     * @param   ch   a character.
     * @return  the index of the first occurrence of the character in the
     *          character sequence represented by this object, or
     *          <code>-1</code> if the character does not occur.
     */
    public int indexOf(int ch) {
    return indexOf(ch, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
     * specified character, starting the search at the specified index.
     * <p>
     * If a character with value <code>ch</code> occurs in the character
     * sequence represented by this <code>String</code> object at an index
     * no smaller than <code>fromIndex</code>, then the index of the first
     * such occurrence is returned--that is, the smallest value <i>k</i>
     * such that:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * (this.charAt(<i>k</i>) == ch) && (<i>k</i> >= fromIndex)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * is true. If no such character occurs in this string at or after
     * position <code>fromIndex</code>, then <code>-1</code> is returned.
     * <p>
     * There is no restriction on the value of <code>fromIndex</code>. If it
     * is negative, it has the same effect as if it were zero: this entire
     * string may be searched. If it is greater than the length of this
     * string, it has the same effect as if it were equal to the length of
     * this string: <code>-1</code> is returned.
     *
     * @param   ch          a character.
     * @param   fromIndex   the index to start the search from.
     * @return  the index of the first occurrence of the character in the
     *          character sequence represented by this object that is greater
     *          than or equal to <code>fromIndex</code>, or <code>-1</code>
     *          if the character does not occur.
     */
    public int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) {
    int max = offset + count;
    char v[] = value;

    if (fromIndex < 0) {
        fromIndex = 0;
    } else if (fromIndex >= count) {
        // Note: fromIndex might be near -1>>>1.
        return -1;
    }
    for (int i = offset + fromIndex ; i < max ; i++) {
        if (v[i] == ch) {
        return i - offset;
        }
    }
    return -1;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the
     * specified character. That is, the index returned is the largest
     * value <i>k</i> such that:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * this.charAt(<i>k</i>) == ch
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * is true.
     * The String is searched backwards starting at the last character.
     *
     * @param   ch   a character.
     * @return  the index of the last occurrence of the character in the
     *          character sequence represented by this object, or
     *          <code>-1</code> if the character does not occur.
     */
    public int lastIndexOf(int ch) {
    return lastIndexOf(ch, count - 1);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the
     * specified character, searching backward starting at the specified
     * index. That is, the index returned is the largest value <i>k</i>
     * such that:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * this.charAt(k) == ch) && (k <= fromIndex)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * is true.
     *
     * @param   ch          a character.
     * @param   fromIndex   the index to start the search from. There is no
     *          restriction on the value of <code>fromIndex</code>. If it is
     *          greater than or equal to the length of this string, it has
     *          the same effect as if it were equal to one less than the
     *          length of this string: this entire string may be searched.
     *          If it is negative, it has the same effect as if it were -1:
     *          -1 is returned.
     * @return  the index of the last occurrence of the character in the
     *          character sequence represented by this object that is less
     *          than or equal to <code>fromIndex</code>, or <code>-1</code>
     *          if the character does not occur before that point.
     */
    public int lastIndexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) {
    int min = offset;
    char v[] = value;

    for (int i = offset + ((fromIndex >= count) ? count - 1 : fromIndex) ; i >= min ; i--) {
        if (v[i] == ch) {
        return i - offset;
        }
    }
    return -1;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
     * specified substring. The integer returned is the smallest value
     * <i>k</i> such that:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * this.startsWith(str, <i>k</i>)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * is <code>true</code>.
     *
     * @param   str   any string.
     * @return  if the string argument occurs as a substring within this
     *          object, then the index of the first character of the first
     *          such substring is returned; if it does not occur as a
     *          substring, <code>-1</code> is returned.
     * @exception java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>str</code> is
     *          <code>null</code>.
     */
    public int indexOf(String str) {
    return indexOf(str, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
     * specified substring, starting at the specified index. The integer
     * returned is the smallest value <i>k</i> such that:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * this.startsWith(str, <i>k</i>) && (<i>k</i> >= fromIndex)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * is <code>true</code>.
     * <p>
     * There is no restriction on the value of <code>fromIndex</code>. If
     * it is negative, it has the same effect as if it were zero: this entire
     * string may be searched. If it is greater than the length of this
     * string, it has the same effect as if it were equal to the length of
     * this string: <code>-1</code> is returned.
     *
     * @param   str         the substring to search for.
     * @param   fromIndex   the index to start the search from.
     * @return  If the string argument occurs as a substring within this
     *          object at a starting index no smaller than
     *          <code>fromIndex</code>, then the index of the first character
     *          of the first such substring is returned. If it does not occur
     *          as a substring starting at <code>fromIndex</code> or beyond,
     *          <code>-1</code> is returned.
     * @exception java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>str</code> is
     *          <code>null</code>
     */
    public int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex) {
        char v1[] = value;
        char v2[] = str.value;
        int max = offset + (count - str.count);
    if (fromIndex >= count) {
        if (count == 0 && fromIndex == 0 && str.count == 0) {
        /* There is an empty string at index 0 in an empty string. */
        return 0;
        }
        /* Note: fromIndex might be near -1>>>1 */
        return -1;
    }
        if (fromIndex < 0) {
            fromIndex = 0;
        }
    if (str.count == 0) {
        return fromIndex;
    }

        int strOffset = str.offset;
        char first  = v2[strOffset];
        int i = offset + fromIndex;

    startSearchForFirstChar:
        while (true) {

        /* Look for first character. */
        while (i <= max && v1[i] != first) {
        i++;
        }
        if (i > max) {
        return -1;
        }

        /* Found first character, now look at the rest of v2 */
        int j = i + 1;
        int end = j + str.count - 1;
        int k = strOffset + 1;
        while (j < end) {
        if (v1[j++] != v2[k++]) {
            i++;
            /* Look for str's first char again. */
            continue startSearchForFirstChar;
        }
        }
        return i - offset;    /* Found whole string. */
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the rightmost occurrence
     * of the specified substring.  The rightmost empty string "" is
     * considered to occur at the index value <code>this.length()</code>.
     * The returned index is the largest value <i>k</i> such that
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * this.startsWith(str, k)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * is true.
     *
     * @param   str   the substring to search for.
     * @return  if the string argument occurs one or more times as a substring
     *          within this object, then the index of the first character of
     *          the last such substring is returned. If it does not occur as
     *          a substring, <code>-1</code> is returned.
     * @exception java.lang.NullPointerException  if <code>str</code> is
     *          <code>null</code>.
     */
    public int lastIndexOf(String str) {
    return lastIndexOf(str, count);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of
     * the specified substring.
     * The returned index indicates the start of the substring, and it
     * must be equal to or less than <code>fromIndex</code>. That is,
     * the index returned is the largest value <i>k</i> such that:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * this.startsWith(str, k) && (k <= fromIndex)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @param   str         the substring to search for.
     * @param   fromIndex   the index to start the search from. There is no
     *          restriction on the value of fromIndex. If it is greater than
     *          the length of this string, it has the same effect as if it
     *          were equal to the length of this string: this entire string
     *          may be searched. If it is negative, it has the same effect
     *          as if it were -1: -1 is returned.
     * @return  If the string argument occurs one or more times as a substring
     *          within this object at a starting index no greater than
     *          <code>fromIndex</code>, then the index of the first character of
     *          the last such substring is returned. If it does not occur as a
     *          substring starting at <code>fromIndex</code> or earlier,
     *          <code>-1</code> is returned.
     * @exception java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>str</code> is
     *          <code>null</code>.
     */
    public int lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex) {
        /*
     * Check arguments; return immediately where possible. For
     * consistency, don't check for null str.
     */
        int rightIndex = count - str.count;
    if (fromIndex < 0) {
        return -1;
    }
    if (fromIndex > rightIndex) {
        fromIndex = rightIndex;
    }
    /* Empty string always matches. */
    if (str.count == 0) {
        return fromIndex;
    }

    char v1[] = value;
    char v2[] = str.value;
    int strLastIndex = str.offset + str.count - 1;
    char strLastChar = v2[strLastIndex];
    int min = offset + str.count - 1;
    int i = min + fromIndex;

    startSearchForLastChar:
    while (true) {

        /* Look for the last character */
        while (i >= min && v1[i] != strLastChar) {
        i--;
        }
        if (i < min) {
        return -1;
        }

        /* Found last character, now look at the rest of v2. */
        int j = i - 1;
        int start = j - (str.count - 1);
        int k = strLastIndex - 1;

        while (j > start) {
            if (v1[j--] != v2[k--]) {
            i--;
            /* Look for str's last char again. */
            continue startSearchForLastChar;
        }
        }

        return start - offset + 1;    /* Found whole string. */
    }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new string that is a substring of this string. The
     * substring begins with the character at the specified index and
     * extends to the end of this string. <p>
     * Examples:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * "unhappy".substring(2) returns "happy"
     * "Harbison".substring(3) returns "bison"
     * "emptiness".substring(9) returns "" (an empty string)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @param      beginIndex   the beginning index, inclusive.
     * @return     the specified substring.
     * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException  if
     *             <code>beginIndex</code> is negative or larger than the
     *             length of this <code>String</code> object.
     */
    public String substring(int beginIndex) {
    return substring(beginIndex, count);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new string that is a substring of this string. The
     * substring begins at the specified <code>beginIndex</code> and
     * extends to the character at index <code>endIndex - 1</code>.
     * Thus the length of the substring is <code>endIndex-beginIndex</code>.
     * <p>
     * Examples:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * "hamburger".substring(4, 8) returns "urge"
     * "smiles".substring(1, 5) returns "mile"
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @param      beginIndex   the beginning index, inclusive.
     * @param      endIndex     the ending index, exclusive.
     * @return     the specified substring.
     * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the
     *             <code>beginIndex</code> is negative, or
     *             <code>endIndex</code> is larger than the length of
     *             this <code>String</code> object, or
     *             <code>beginIndex</code> is larger than
     *             <code>endIndex</code>.
     */
    public String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex) {
    if (beginIndex < 0) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(beginIndex);
    }
    if (endIndex > count) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(endIndex);
    }
    if (beginIndex > endIndex) {
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(endIndex - beginIndex);
    }
    return ((beginIndex == 0) && (endIndex == count)) ? this :
        new String(offset + beginIndex, endIndex - beginIndex, value);
    }

    /**
     * Concatenates the specified string to the end of this string.
     * <p>
     * If the length of the argument string is <code>0</code>, then this
     * <code>String</code> object is returned. Otherwise, a new
     * <code>String</code> object is created, representing a character
     * sequence that is the concatenation of the character sequence
     * represented by this <code>String</code> object and the character
     * sequence represented by the argument string.<p>
     * Examples:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * "cares".concat("s") returns "caress"
     * "to".concat("get").concat("her") returns "together"
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @param   str   the <code>String</code> that is concatenated to the end
     *                of this <code>String</code>.
     * @return  a string that represents the concatenation of this object's
     *          characters followed by the string argument's characters.
     * @exception java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>str</code> is
     *          <code>null</code>.
     */
    public String concat(String str) {
    int otherLen = str.length();
    if (otherLen == 0) {
        return this;
    }
    char buf[] = new char[count + otherLen];
    getChars(0, count, buf, 0);
    str.getChars(0, otherLen, buf, count);
    return new String(0, count + otherLen, buf);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new string resulting from replacing all occurrences of
     * <code>oldChar</code> in this string with <code>newChar</code>.
     * <p>
     * If the character <code>oldChar</code> does not occur in the
     * character sequence represented by this <code>String</code> object,
     * then a reference to this <code>String</code> object is returned.
     * Otherwise, a new <code>String</code> object is created that
     * represents a character sequence identical to the character sequence
     * represented by this <code>String</code> object, except that every
     * occurrence of <code>oldChar</code> is replaced by an occurrence
     * of <code>newChar</code>.
     * <p>
     * Examples:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * "mesquite in your cellar".replace('e', 'o')
     *         returns "mosquito in your collar"
     * "the war of baronets".replace('r', 'y')
     *         returns "the way of bayonets"
     * "sparring with a purple porpoise".replace('p', 't')
     *         returns "starring with a turtle tortoise"
     * "JonL".replace('q', 'x') returns "JonL" (no change)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @param   oldChar   the old character.
     * @param   newChar   the new character.
     * @return  a string derived from this string by replacing every
     *          occurrence of <code>oldChar</code> with <code>newChar</code>.
     */
    public String replace(char oldChar, char newChar) {
    if (oldChar != newChar) {
        int len = count;
        int i = -1;
        char[] val = value; /* avoid getfield opcode */
        int off = offset;   /* avoid getfield opcode */

        while (++i < len) {
        if (val[off + i] == oldChar) {
            break;
        }
        }
        if (i < len) {
        char buf[] = new char[len];
        for (int j = 0 ; j < i ; j++) {
            buf[j] = val[off+j];
        }
        while (i < len) {
            char c = val[off + i];
            buf[i] = (c == oldChar) ? newChar : c;
            i++;
        }
        return new String(0, len, buf);
        }
    }
    return this;
    }

    /**
     * Converts all of the characters in this <code>String</code> to lower
     * case using the rules of the given <code>Locale</code>.
     * Usually, the characters are converted by calling
     * <code>Character.toLowerCase</code>.
     * Exceptions to this rule are listed in
     * the following table:
     * <p> </p>
     * <table border>
     * <tr>
     *   <th>Language Code of Locale</th>
     *   <th>Upper Case</th>
     *   <th>Lower Case</th>
     *   <th>Description</th>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *   <td>tr (Turkish)</td>
     *   <td>\u0130</td>
     *   <td>\u0069</td>
     *   <td>capital letter I with dot above -> small letter i</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *   <td>tr (Turkish)</td>
     *   <td>\u0049</td>
     *   <td>\u0131</td>
     *   <td>capital letter I -> small letter dotless i </td>
     * </tr>
     * </table>
     *
     * @param locale use the case transformation rules for this locale
     * @return the String, converted to lowercase.
     * @see     java.lang.Character#toLowerCase(char)
     * @see     java.lang.String#toUpperCase()
     * @since   JDK1.1
     */
    public String toLowerCase(Locale locale) {
        int     len        = count;
    int     off        = offset;
    char[]  val        = value;
    int     firstUpper;

    /* Now check if there are any characters that need to be changed. */
    scan: {
        for (firstUpper = 0 ; firstUpper < len ; firstUpper++) {
        char c = value[off+firstUpper];
        if (c != Character.toLowerCase(c)) break scan;
        }
        return this;
    }

        char[]  result = new char[count];

    /* Just copy the first few lowerCase characters. */
    System.arraycopy(val, off, result, 0, firstUpper);

        if (locale.getLanguage().equals("tr")) {
            // special loop for Turkey
        for (int i = firstUpper; i < len; ++i) {
                char ch = val[off+i];
                if (ch == 'I') {
                    result[i] = '\u0131'; // dotless small i
                    continue;
                }
                if (ch == '\u0130') {       // dotted I
                    result[i] = 'i';      // dotted i
                    continue;
                }
                result[i] = Character.toLowerCase(ch);
            }
        } else {
            // normal, fast loop
            for (int i = firstUpper; i < len; ++i) {
                result[i] = Character.toLowerCase(val[off+i]);
            }
        }
        return new String(result);
    }

    /**
     * Converts all of the characters in this <code>String</code> to lower
     * case using the rules of the default locale, which is returned
     * by <code>Locale.getDefault</code>.
     * <p>
     * If no character in the string has a different lowercase version,
     * based on calling the <code>toLowerCase</code> method defined by
     * <code>Character</code>, then the original string is returned.
     * <p>
     * Otherwise, this method creates a new <code>String</code> object that
     * represents a character sequence identical in length to the character
     * sequence represented by this String object, with every character
     * equal to the result of applying the method
     * <code>Character.toLowerCase</code> to the corresponding character of
     * this <code>String</code> object.
     * <p>Examples:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * "French Fries".toLowerCase() returns "french fries"
     * "<img src="doc-files/capiota.gif"><img src="doc-files/capchi.gif"><img
     * src="doc-files/captheta.gif"><img src="doc-files/capupsil.gif"><img
     * src="doc-files/capsigma.gif">".toLowerCase() returns "<img
     * src="doc-files/iota.gif"><img src="doc-files/chi.gif"><img
     * src="doc-files/theta.gif"><img src="doc-files/upsilon.gif"><img
     * src="doc-files/sigma1.gif">"
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @return  the string, converted to lowercase.
     * @see     java.lang.Character#toLowerCase(char)
     * @see     java.lang.String#toUpperCase()
     */
    public String toLowerCase() {
        return toLowerCase(Locale.getDefault());
    }

    /**
     * Converts all of the characters in this <code>String</code> to upper
     * case using the rules of the given locale.
     * Usually, the characters are converted by calling
     * <code>Character.toUpperCase</code>.
     * Exceptions to this rule are listed in
     * the following table:
     * <p> </p>
     * <table border>
     * <tr>
     *   <th>Language Code of Locale</th>
     *   <th>Lower Case</th>
     *   <th>Upper Case</th>
     *   <th>Description</th>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *   <td>tr (Turkish)</td>
     *   <td>\u0069</td>
     *   <td>\u0130</td>
     *   <td>small letter i -> capital letter I with dot above</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *   <td>tr (Turkish)</td>
     *   <td>\u0131</td>
     *   <td>\u0049</td>
     *   <td>small letter dotless i -> capital letter I</td>
     * </tr>
     * <tr>
     *   <td>(all)</td>
     *   <td>\u00df</td>
     *   <td>\u0053 \u0053</td>
     *   <td>small letter sharp s -> two letters: SS</td>
     * </tr>
     * </table>
     * @param locale use the case transformation rules for this locale
     * @return the String, converted to uppercase.
     * @see     java.lang.Character#toUpperCase(char)
     * @see     java.lang.String#toLowerCase(char)
     * @since   JDK1.1
     */
    public String toUpperCase(Locale locale) {
    int     len        = count;
        int     off        = offset;
    char[]  val        = value;
    int     firstLower;

    /* Now check if there are any characters that need changing. */
    scan: {
        for (firstLower = 0 ; firstLower < len ; firstLower++) {
        char c = value[off+firstLower];
        if (c != Character.toUpperCase(c)) break scan;
        }
        return this;
    }

        char[]  result       = new char[len]; /* might grow! */
    int     resultOffset = 0;  /* result grows, so i+resultOffset
                    * is the write location in result */

    /* Just copy the first few upperCase characters. */
    System.arraycopy(val, off, result, 0, firstLower);

        if (locale.getLanguage().equals("tr")) {
            // special loop for Turkey
        for (int i = firstLower; i < len; ++i) {
                char ch = val[off+i];
                if (ch == 'i') {
            result[i+resultOffset] = '\u0130';  // dotted cap i
                    continue;
                }
                if (ch == '\u0131') {                   // dotless i
                    result[i+resultOffset] = 'I';       // cap I
                    continue;
                }
                if (ch == '\u00DF') {                   // sharp s
            /* Grow result. */
            char[] result2 = new char[result.length + 1];
            System.arraycopy(result, 0, result2, 0,
                     i + 1 + resultOffset);
                    result2[i+resultOffset] = 'S';
            resultOffset++;
            result2[i+resultOffset] = 'S';
            result = result2;
                    continue;
                }
                result[i+resultOffset] = Character.toUpperCase(ch);
            }
        } else {
            // normal, fast loop
            for (int i = firstLower; i < len; ++i) {
                char ch = val[off+i];
                if (ch == '\u00DF') { // sharp s
            /* Grow result. */
            char[] result2 = new char[result.length + 1];
            System.arraycopy(result, 0, result2, 0,
                     i + 1 + resultOffset);
                    result2[i+resultOffset] = 'S';
            resultOffset++;
            result2[i+resultOffset] = 'S';
            result = result2;
                    continue;
                }
                result[i+resultOffset] = Character.toUpperCase(ch);
            }
        }
        return new String(result);
    }

    /**
     * Converts all of the characters in this <code>String</code> to upper
     * case using the rules of the default locale, which is returned
     * by <code>Locale.getDefault</code>.
     *
     * <p>
     * If no character in this string has a different uppercase version,
     * based on calling the <code>toUpperCase</code> method defined by
     * <code>Character</code>, then the original string is returned.
     * <p>
     * Otherwise, this method creates a new <code>String</code> object
     * representing a character sequence identical in length to the
     * character sequence represented by this <code>String</code> object and
     * with every character equal to the result of applying the method
     * <code>Character.toUpperCase</code> to the corresponding character of
     * this <code>String</code> object. <p>
     * Examples:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * "Fahrvergn¸gen".toUpperCase() returns "FAHRVERGN‹GEN"
     * "Visit Ljubinje!".toUpperCase() returns "VISIT LJUBINJE!"
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @return  the string, converted to uppercase.
     * @see     java.lang.Character#toUpperCase(char)
     * @see     java.lang.String#toLowerCase()
     */
    public String toUpperCase() {
        return toUpperCase(Locale.getDefault());
    }

    /**
     * Removes white space from both ends of this string.
     * <p>
     * If this <code>String</code> object represents an empty character
     * sequence, or the first and last characters of character sequence
     * represented by this <code>String</code> object both have codes
     * greater than <code>'\u0020'</code> (the space character), then a
     * reference to this <code>String</code> object is returned.
     * <p>
     * Otherwise, if there is no character with a code greater than
     * <code>'\u0020'</code> in the string, then a new
     * <code>String</code> object representing an empty string is created
     * and returned.
     * <p>
     * Otherwise, let <i>k</i> be the index of the first character in the
     * string whose code is greater than <code>'\u0020'</code>, and let
     * <i>m</i> be the index of the last character in the string whose code
     * is greater than <code>'\u0020'</code>. A new <code>String</code>
     * object is created, representing the substring of this string that
     * begins with the character at index <i>k</i> and ends with the
     * character at index <i>m</i>-that is, the result of
     * <code>this.substring(<i>k</i>, <i>m</i>+1)</code>.
     * <p>
     * This method may be used to trim
     * {@link Character#isSpace(char) whitespace} from the beginning and end
     * of a string; in fact, it trims all ASCII control characters as well.
     *
     * @return  this string, with white space removed from the front and end.
     */
    public String trim() {
    int len = count;
    int st = 0;
    int off = offset;      /* avoid getfield opcode */
    char[] val = value;    /* avoid getfield opcode */

    while ((st < len) && (val[off + st] <= ' ')) {
        st++;
    }
    while ((st < len) && (val[off + len - 1] <= ' ')) {
        len--;
    }
    return ((st > 0) || (len < count)) ? substring(st, len) : this;
    }

    /**
     * This object (which is already a string!) is itself returned.
     *
     * @return  the string itself.
     */
    public String toString() {
    return this;
    }

    /**
     * Converts this string to a new character array.
     *
     * @return  a newly allocated character array whose length is the length
     *          of this string and whose contents are initialized to contain
     *          the character sequence represented by this string.
     */
    public char[] toCharArray() {
    char result[] = new char[count];
    getChars(0, count, result, 0);
    return result;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string representation of the <code>Object</code> argument.
     *
     * @param   obj   an <code>Object</code>.
     * @return  if the argument is <code>null</code>, then a string equal to
     *          <code>"null"</code>; otherwise, the value of
     *          <code>obj.toString()</code> is returned.
     * @see     java.lang.Object#toString()
     */
    public static String valueOf(Object obj) {
    return (obj == null) ? "null" : obj.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string representation of the <code>char</code> array
     * argument. The contents of the character array are copied; subsequent
     * modification of the character array does not affect the newly
     * created string.
     *
     * @param   data   a <code>char</code> array.
     * @return  a newly allocated string representing the same sequence of
     *          characters contained in the character array argument.
     */
    public static String valueOf(char data[]) {
    return new String(data);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string representation of a specific subarray of the
     * <code>char</code> array argument.
     * <p>
     * The <code>offset</code> argument is the index of the first
     * character of the subarray. The <code>count</code> argument
     * specifies the length of the subarray. The contents of the subarray
     * are copied; subsequent modification of the character array does not
     * affect the newly created string.
     *
     * @param   data     the character array.
     * @param   offset   the initial offset into the value of the
     *                  <code>String</code>.
     * @param   count    the length of the value of the <code>String</code>.
     * @return  a newly allocated string representing the sequence of
     *          characters contained in the subarray of the character array
     *          argument.
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>data</code> is
     *          <code>null</code>.
     * @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if <code>offset</code> is
     *          negative, or <code>count</code> is negative, or
     *          <code>offset+count</code> is larger than
     *          <code>data.length</code>.
     */
    public static String valueOf(char data[], int offset, int count) {
    return new String(data, offset, count);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a String that is equivalent to the specified character array.
     * It creates a new array and copies the characters into it.
     *
     * @param   data     the character array.
     * @param   offset   initial offset of the subarray.
     * @param   count    length of the subarray.
     * @return  a <code>String</code> that contains the characters of the
     *          specified subarray of the character array.
     */
    public static String copyValueOf(char data[], int offset, int count) {
    // All public String constructors now copy the data.
    return new String(data, offset, count);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a String that is equivalent to the specified character array.
     * It creates a new array and copies the characters into it.
     *
     * @param   data   the character array.
     * @return  a <code>String</code> that contains the characters of the
     *          character array.
     */
    public static String copyValueOf(char data[]) {
    return copyValueOf(data, 0, data.length);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string representation of the <code>boolean</code> argument.
     *
     * @param   b   a <code>boolean</code>.
     * @return  if the argument is <code>true</code>, a string equal to
     *          <code>"true"</code> is returned; otherwise, a string equal to
     *          <code>"false"</code> is returned.
     */
    public static String valueOf(boolean b) {
    return b ? "true" : "false";
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string representation of the <code>char</code>
     * argument.
     *
     * @param   c   a <code>char</code>.
     * @return  a newly allocated string of length <code>1</code> containing
     *          as its single character the argument <code>c</code>.
     */
    public static String valueOf(char c) {
    char data[] = {c};
    return new String(0, 1, data);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string representation of the <code>int</code> argument.
     * <p>
     * The representation is exactly the one returned by the
     * <code>Integer.toString</code> method of one argument.
     *
     * @param   i   an <code>int</code>.
     * @return  a newly allocated string containing a string representation of
     *          the <code>int</code> argument.
     * @see     java.lang.Integer#toString(int, int)
     */
    public static String valueOf(int i) {
        return Integer.toString(i, 10);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string representation of the <code>long</code> argument.
     * <p>
     * The representation is exactly the one returned by the
     * <code>Long.toString</code> method of one argument.
     *
     * @param   l   a <code>long</code>.
     * @return  a newly allocated string containing a string representation of
     *          the <code>long</code> argument.
     * @see     java.lang.Long#toString(long)
     */
    public static String valueOf(long l) {
        return Long.toString(l, 10);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string representation of the <code>float</code> argument.
     * <p>
     * The representation is exactly the one returned by the
     * <code>Float.toString</code> method of one argument.
     *
     * @param   f   a <code>float</code>.
     * @return  a newly allocated string containing a string representation of
     *          the <code>float</code> argument.
     * @see     java.lang.Float#toString(float)
     */
    public static String valueOf(float f) {
    return Float.toString(f);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the string representation of the <code>double</code> argument.
     * <p>
     * The representation is exactly the one returned by the
     * <code>Double.toString</code> method of one argument.
     *
     * @param   d   a <code>double</code>.
     * @return  a newly allocated string containing a string representation of
     *          the <code>double</code> argument.
     * @see     java.lang.Double#toString(double)
     */
    public static String valueOf(double d) {
    return Double.toString(d);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a canonical representation for the string object.
     * <p>
     * A pool of strings, initially empty, is maintained privately by the
     * class <code>String</code>.
     * <p>
     * When the intern method is invoked, if the pool already contains a
     * string equal to this <code>String</code> object as determined by
     * the {@link #equals(Object)} method, then the string from the pool is
     * returned. Otherwise, this <code>String</code> object is added to the
     * pool and a reference to this <code>String</code> object is returned.
     * <p>
     * It follows that for any two strings <code>s</code> and <code>t</code>,
     * <code>s.intern() == t.intern()</code> is <code>true</code>
     * if and only if <code>s.equals(t)</code> is <code>true</code>.
     * <p>
     * All literal strings and string-valued constant expressions are
     * interned. String literals are defined in ß3.10.5 of the
     * <a href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/html/">Java Language
     * Specification</a>
     *
     * @return  a string that has the same contents as this string, but is
     *          guaranteed to be from a pool of unique strings.
     */
    public native String intern();

}